The Effect of the Uniformity System on The Structure of Glass: Acidic Oxides as a Model

Abstract

The research deals with the formulation of glass mixtures using phosphorous oxide as a substitute for silica and within the Seker Lama rule, because phosphorous oxide is one of the substances that are acidic with a group of acidic substances. Lead oxide was used from within mixture (1) and sodium carbonate in mixture (2), and the mixtures were equipped with a glass system The mixtures were ground by smelting mortars, and the produced glass was applied to the red clay of Babylon at a temperature of (400 °C, 550 °C, and 600 °C) for thermal leveling، and to accurately identify the properties and compounds of phosphorus oxide. This oxide was discussed in detail in the theoretical framework as well. To some properties of glass and compounds used in the research. The table of samples was formulated by (14) samples and they were colored using copper oxide (CuO), red iron oxide (Fe2O3), cobalt oxide (CoO), manganese oxide (MnO), and two dyes (red and blue). A chromatic analysis test was also conducted using the (L.a.b) system to find out the numerical values of the resulting color, and a texture test was conducted to know the nature of the surface because of its impact on the aesthetic and semantic side of the ceramic work. Either the tests that support the color and texture results are the (microscope) test, through which we learn On the colored crystals, phases, and non-molten materials and their impact on the color results. This hardness test was carried out to find out the extent to which the glass layer can withstand external stresses in order to maintain the durability of the work. Either the arithmetic tests are (density) and (surface tension) tests, and their results came within the range of the density value. For ceramic glass, the surface tension was less than the normal ceramic glass.